For a healthier environment

The increasing awareness of health and environmental issues has led to a critical approach to vehicles and their emissions. The main focus is diesel fuels. Dust produced by combustion engines consists of tiny particles that are smaller than a micrometer. To compare: a human hair is 100 micrometers thick. These particles enter the lung and can lead to health problems such as lung cancer or asthma. Highly efficient diesel particle filters are essential to fulfill the legal requirements to reduce particle matter in the future.

The latest generation is able to filter and combust up to 99% of the generated soot. It allows us to use the diesel fuel without affecting our health or the well being of the environment.

Emission Standards in the European Union for passenger cars and light duty vehicles

European Union emission regulations for new light duty vehicles (cars and light commercial vehicles) were originally introduced by the Directive 70/220/EEC, followed by a number of amendments. Following are some of the most important steps in the emission regulations:

• Euro 1 standards (also known as EC 93): Directives 91/441/EEC (passenger cars only) or 93/59/EEC (passenger cars and lighttrucks)

• Euro 2 standards (EC 96): Directives 94/12/EC or 96/69/EC

• Euro 3 standards (required from 01/2000) and Euro 4 standards (required from 01/2005): Directive 98/69/EC, further amendments in 2002/80/EC

• Euro 5a standards (required from 09/2009),

• Euro 5b standards (required from 09/2011)

• Euro 6 standards (required from 09/2014): Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 of 18 July 2008 implementing and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6)

Euro 5a stage introduce a Particle Number limit of 6 x 1011 km for passenger cars and light duty vehicles (M, N1, N2). The particle
number limit must be met in addition to the PM mass emission limits listed in the tables below.

Table 1: EU emission standards for passenger cars (Category M1*), g/km

Emissions stage Date1 CO NOx PM2 PN3
Euro 1 07/1992 2.72 – 0.14  
Euro 2 01/1996 1.00 – 0.08  
Euro 3 01/2000 0.64 0.50 0.05  
Euro 4 01/2005 0.50 0.25 0.025  
Euro 5a 09/2009 0.50 0.18 0.005  
Euro 5b 09/2011 0.5 0.18 0.0045 6 x 1011 #/km
Euro 6 09/2014 0.5 0.08 0.0045 6 x 1011 #/km


*Category M1: Vehicles designed and constructed fo the carriage of passengers and compromising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat.

Table 2.1: EU emission standards for light commercial vehicles, g/km, category N1*, Class I ( ≤ 1305 kg)

Emissions stage Date1 NOx PM2 PM3
Euro 1 10/1994 – 0.140 –
Euro 2 01/1998 – 0.080 –
Euro 3 01/2000 0.500 0.050 –
Euro 4 01/2005 0.250 0.025 –
Euro 5a 09/2009 0.180 0.005 –
Euro 5b 09/2011 0.180 0.045 6 x 1011 #/km
Euro 6 09/2014 0.080 0.045 6 x 1011 #/km


*Category N1: Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tons.

Table 2.2: EU emission standards for light commercial vehicles, g/km, category N1*, Class II (1305 – 1760 kg)

Emissions stage Date1 NOx PM2 PN3
Euro 1  10/1994 – 0.140 –
Euro 2  01/1998 – 0.080 –
Euro 3  01/2001 0.650 0.050 –
Euro 4  01/2006 0.330 0.025 –
Euro 5a  09/2010 0.235 0.005 –
Euro 5b  09/2011 0.235 0.045 6 x 1011 #/km
Euro 6  09/2015 0.105 0.045 6 x 1011 #/km


*Category N1: Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tons.

Table 2.3: EU emission standards for light commercial vehicles, g/km, category N1*, Class III ( > 1760 kg)

Emissions stage Date1 NOx PM2 PN3
Euro 1 10/1994 – 0.250 –
Euro 2 01/1998 – 0.170 –
Euro 3 01/2001 0.780 0.100 –
Euro 4 01/2006 0.390 0.060 –
Euro 5a 09/2010 0.280 0.005 –
Euro 5b 09/2011 0.280 0.045 6 x 1011 #/km
Euro 6 09/2015 0.125 0.045 6 x 1011 #/km


*Category N1: Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tons.

Table 2.4: EU emission standards for light commercial vehicles, g/km, category N2*

Emissions stage Date1 NOx PM2 PN3
Euro 5a 09/2010 0.280 0.005 –
Euro 5b 09/2011 0.280 0.045 6 x 1011 #/km
Euro 6 09/2015 0.125 0.045 6 x 1011 #/km


*Category N2: Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tons but not exceeding 12 tons.

1) Implementation date: new types
2) Particulate matter limit
3) Particle number limit

Emission standards in the European Union for non-road vehicles

Equipment for agricultural, construction, marine, generating sets, material handling and railway.

• Stage I implemented in 1999

• Stage II implemented between 2001 to 2004,

• Stage III/IV implemented in 2004 and 2005.

– Stage III A becomes effected beginning of 2006 until 2012, depending on the engine power

– Stage III B becomes effected beginning of 2011 until 2013. Depending on the engine power the reduction in PM is about 90% or more compared to Stage III A and will request a DPF

– Stage IV becomes effected in 2014. Depending on the engine power the reduction in NOx is about 80% or more compared to Stage III B and will request a NOx aftertreatment system

 

Table 1: Stage III A standards for non-road mobile machinery

Cat. Net power
(KW)		 Date1 CO
(g/kWh)		 NOx + HC
(g/kWh)		 PM
(g/kWh)
H 130 ≤ P ≤ 560 01/2006 3.5 4.0 0.2
I 75 ≤ P ≤ 130 01/2007 5.0 4.0 0.3
J 37 ≤ P < 75 01/2008 5.0 4.7 0.4
K 19 ≤ P ≤ 37 01/2007 5.5 7.5 0.6


Dates for constant speed engines are: 01/2011 for categories H, I and K; 01/2012 for category J.

Table 2: Stage III B standards for non-road vehicles

Cat. Net power
(kW)		 Date1 CO
(g/kWh)		 HC
(g/kWh)		 NOx
(g/kWh)		 PM
(g/kWh)
 L 130 ≤ P ≤ 560 01/2011 3.5 0.19 2.0 0.025
 M 75 ≤ P < 130 01/2012 5.0 0.19 3.3 0.025
 N 56 ≤ P < 75 01/2012 5.0 0.19 3.3 0.025
 P 37 ≤ P < 56 01/2013 5.0 4.7  0.025

 

Table 3: Stage IV standards for non-road mobile machinery

Cat. Net power
(kW)		 Date1 CO
(g/kWh)		 HC
(g/kWh)		 NOx
(g/kWh)		 PM
(g/kWh)
Q 130 ≤ P < 560 01/2014 3.5 0.19 0.4 0.025
R 56 ≤ P < 130 10/2014 5.0 0.19 0.4 0.025

 

1) Implementation date: new types
2) Particulate matter limit
3) Particle number limit

Railcars and locomotives

Table 4: Stage III A standards for Rail Traction Engines

Cat. Net Power
(kW)		 Date CO
(g/kWh)		 HC
(g/kWh)		 HC + NOx
(g/kWh)		 NOx
(g/kWh)		 PM
(g/kWh)
RC A 130 < P 01/2006 3.5 – 4.0   0.2
RL A 130 ≤ P ≤ 560 01/2007 3.5 – 4.0   0.2
RH A P > 560 01/2009 3.5 0.5* – 6.0 0.2

*HC = 0.4 g/kWh and NOx = 7.4 g/kWh for engines of P > 2,000 kWh and D > 5 litres/cylinder

Table 5: Stage III B propulsion engines used in railcars (RC) and locomotives (R)

Cat. Net Power
(kW)		 Date CO
(g/kWh)		 HC
(g/kWh)		 HC + NOx
(g/kWh)		 NOx
(g/kWh)		 PM
(g/kWh)
RC B 130 < P 01/2012 3.5 0.19 – 2.0 0.025
R B 130 < P 01/2012 3.5 – 4.0 – 0.025

 

Emission standards in the United States for non-road vehicles

Equipment for agricultural, construction, marine, generating sets, material handling and railway.

• Tier 1 became effected 1996 through 2000, depending on the engine power

• Tier 2 became effected 2002 through 2006, depending on the engine power

• Tier 3 became effected 2006 through 2008, depending on the engine power

• Tier 4i and final Tier 4 becomes effected 2008 through 2015, depending on the engine power

– Tier 4i reduces PM emissions by 90% compared to Tier 2 and Tier 3x reduction by 50%, depending on engine power

– Final Tier 4 reduces NOx emissions by further 80% compared to Tier 4i, depending on engine power

Table 1: Tier 4 emission standards for non-road Diesel engines up to 560 kW, g/kWh (g/bhp-hr)

Engine power Model years CO NMHC NMHC + NOx NOx PM
kW < 8
(hp < 11)		 2008 – 2014 8.0 (6.0) – 7.5 (5.6) –  0.40a (0.3)
8 ≤ kW < 19
(11 ≤ hp < 25)		 2008 – 2014 6.6 (4.9) – 7.5 (5.6) – 0.40 (0.3)
19 ≤ kW < 37
(25 ≤ hp < 50)		 2008 – 2012  5.5 (4.1) – 7.5 (5.6) – 0.30 (0.22)
19 ≤ kW < 37
(25 ≤ hp < 50)		 2013 – 2014 5.5 (4.1) – 4.7 (3.5) – 0.03 (0.022)
37 ≤ kW < 56
(50 ≤ hp < 75)		 2008 – 2012 5.0 (3.7) – 4.7 (3.5) – 0.30b (0.22)
37 ≤ kW < 56
(50 ≤ hp < 75)		 2013 – 2014 5.0 (3.7) – 4.7 (3.5) – 0.03 (0.022)
56 ≤ kW < 130
(75 ≤ hp < 175)		 2012 – 2014c 5.0 (3.7) 0.19 (0.14) – 0.4 (0.3) 0.02 (0.015)
130 ≤ kW ≤ 560
(175 ≤ hp < 750)		 2011 – 2014d 3.5 (2.6) 0.19 (0.14) – 0.4 (0.3) 0.02 (0.015)


a) hand-startable, air-cooled, DI engines may be certified to Tier 2 standards through 2009 and to an optional PM standard of 0.6 g/kWh starting in 2010

b) 0.4 g/kWh (Tier 2) if manufacturer complies with the 0.03 g/kWh standard from 2012

c) PM/CO: full compliance from 2012; NOx/HC: Option 1 (if banked Tier 2 credits used)—50% engines must comply in 2012-2013; Option 2 (if no Tier 2 credits claimed)—25% engines must comply in 2012-2014, with full compliance from 12/31/2014

d) PM/CO: full compliance from 2011; NOx/HC: 50% engines must comply in 2011-2013

Table 2: Tier 4 emission standards for non-road Diesel engines
above 560 kW, g/kWh (g/bhp-hr)

Year Category CO NMHC NOx PM
2011 – 2014 Generator sets > 900 kW 3.5 (2.6) 0.40 (0.30) 0.67 (0.5) 0.10 (0.07)
2011 – 2014 All engines except gensets > 900 kW 3.5 (2.6) 0.40 (0.30) 3.50 (2.6) 0.10 (0.07)
2015 Generator sets 3.5 (2.6) 0.19 (0.14) 0.67 (0.5) 0.03 (0.022)
2015 All engines except gensets 3.5 (2.6) 0.19 (0.14) 3.50 (2.6) 0.04 (0.03)

Emission standards in the European Union for heavy duty vehicles

The emission standards apply to all motor vehicles propelled by a compression ignition or gas engine, with the exception of vehicles of category M1 * with a technically permissible maximum laden mass less than or equal to 3,5 t..
 
*Category M1: Vehicles designed and constructed fo the carriage of passengers and compromising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat.
 
European Union emission regulations for heavy duty vehicles are specified in the Directive 88/77/EEC. This basis Directive was amended a number of times, some of the most important amendments including:
  • Introduction of Euro I standards in 1992,
  • Euro II regulations in 1996.
  • Euro III standards (required from 2000) - Directive 1999/96/EC
  • Euro IV/V standards (required from 2005/2008).
  • Directive 2005/55/EC adopted in 2005 introduced durability and OBD requirements, as well as re-stated the emission limits for Euro IV and Euro V which were originally published in 1999/96/EC.
  • Proposal for Euro VI emission standards was published in December 2007. The new emission limits, comparable to the US 2010 Standards, would become effective from 2013/2014

Table 1: EU emission standards for heavy duty vehicles in g/kWh 

Tier Date CO HC NOx PM
Euro I 1992 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
Euro II 1996 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.25
Euro III 10.2000 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.1
Euro IV 10.2005 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02
Euro V 10.2008 1.5 0.25 2.0 0.02
Euro VI Proposal 2013/214 1.5 0.13 0.4 0.01
Summary of the proposed action for Euro VI
- The main aspect of this Regulation is that it requires a further tightening of vehicle emission limits for particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (400mg/kWh NOx limit).
- It is planned to introduce at a later stage a new standard limiting the number of particles that can be emitted.
- A reduction of 66% in the mass of particulate emissions from compression-ignition engined vehicles will be required.
- For compression-ignition engined vehicles, a reduction of 80% in NOx is planned. To comply with this emission limit, internal engine measures (e.g. Exhaust Gas Recirculation - EGR) and after-treatment devices (e.g. Selective Catalytic Reduction - SCR) will be needed at the current state of the art.
- The proposal is also introducing requirements for the type-approval of exhaust after-treatment components such as catalysts and diesel particulate filters (DPFs).
- The proposal includes a requirement that vehicle on-board diagnostic (OBD) information and vehicle repair and maintenance information be made available through websites in the standardised format developed by a technical committee of stakeholders (the so-called 'OASIS format').
Introduction of World-Wide Harmonised requirements is an important element in order to reduce the testing costs of the automotive industry and will favour the competitiveness of the European engine and vehicle manufacturers. In this context, this proposal is introducing requirements, developed in the framework of the UN-ECE WP.29 – World Forum for Harmonisation of Vehicle Regulations – relating to:
1. Use of world-wide harmonised steady state (WHSC) and transient (WHTC) driving cycles for the evaluation of pollutant emissions.
2. Emissions testing and measurement methodology.
3. World-Wide Harmonised on-board diagnostic (WWH-OBD) systems
 
Obligations of the manufacturers
The mileage and period of time by reference to which the tests for durability of pollution control devices undertaken for type-approval and testing of conformity of in-service vehicles or engines are to be carried out shall be the following:
(a) 160 000 km or five years, whichever is the sooner, in the case of engines fitted to vehicles of category M1, N1 and M2,;
(b) 300 000 km or six years, whichever is the sooner, in the case of engines fitted to vehicles of category N2, N3 with a maximum technically permissible mass not exceeding 16 tonnes and M3 Class I, Class II and Class A, and Class B with a maximum technically permissible mass not exceeding 7.5 tonnes;
(c) 700 000 km or seven years, whichever is the sooner, in the case of engines fitted to vehicles of category N3 with a maximum technically permissible mass exceeding 16 tonnes and M3, Class III and Class B with a maximum technically permissible mass exceeding 7.5 tonnes.
 
Entry into force:
This regulation shall apply from 1st April 2013.
With effect from 1 October 2014, national authorities shall, in the case of new vehicles which do not comply with this Regulation, prohibit the registration, the sale and entry into service of such vehicles.
With effect from the same date and except in the case of replacement engines for in service vehicles, national authorities shall prohibit the sale or use of new engines which do not comply with this Regulation